Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf

Introduction The domestic dog is a member of the Canidae family. This is a biologically cohesive group of carnivores and consists of thirty-eight species (Serpell 10). thus far, man has managed to fully domesticate the dog (Canis familiaris) although he has also attempted to breed the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in captivity for their fur (Klinghammer and Goodmann 36). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current paper tries to show the link between the modern domesticated dog and the grey wolf using documented evidence from morphological, molecular, and DNA investigations. Tracing the origin of the domesticated dog In 1868, Darwin argued that the various domesticated varieties of the dog could have originated from several wild species or from a single wild species. A number of authors contend that the domesticated dog could have originated from the jackal, the wolf, or other unknown and extinct species (Serpell 10). Darwin also suggested that it would be almost impossible to ascertain the origin of the domesticated dog. However, the combined results of vocalisation, morphological behavior and molecular biology of the domesticated dog now show that the wolf is the principle ancestor of the dog (Grandin and Johnson 87). In the 1950s, Konrad Lorenz proposed that certain modern breeds of the dog could have been the descendants of the wolf, while others could have originated from the jackal. However, Lorenz soon realised that the jackal had a characteristic and complicated howling repertoire that is quite different from that of the wolf or dog. This discovery made Lorenz to rescind his earlier view that the domestic dog could have been a descendant of the jackal (Serpell 11). Another hotly contested idea is the origin of the Australia dingo. Molecular and anatomical invest igations indicate that the dingo may be categorized as a feral dog of ancient descent. In addition, these findings reveal close resemblance between the Australian dingo, the wolf, and the pariah dogs in South-east Asia. What are the ‘precursors of the modern domesticated dog? Bones belonging to wolves in the Middle Pleistocene period have been found alongside those of early hominida. This association is indicative of an overlapping of the hunting activities and occupation of wolves and humans. Human hunters may also have killed wolves occasionally for their skins which they used as clothing (Serpell 12). Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once in a while, human hunters would be accompanied by a live pup that they ended up eating but occasionally, such a pup would get accustomed to the family group, effectively becoming tamed. The wolf pups that turned out to be less submiss ive with maturity would undoubtedly be driven away or killed. Others that showed signs of submission were tamed by humans (Savolainen et al 1611). Such tamed wolves are the precursors of the true domesticated dog, although they are many generations apart. Some remains of these animals that were discovered at late glacial sites reveal slight morphological differences in comparison with the remains of wild wolves. Wolf skulls believed to belong to the last Ice Age have also been retrieved at Fairbanks, Alaska. This are thought to be approximately 10,000 years old. These wolf skulls are characterized by shortened facial regions and for this reason, they are thought to be the remains of tamed wolves. This information is supported by evidence of humans having crossed into North America via the Bering Straits around this time. Theories of domestication of dogs from wolves Although it is still not clear how the actual domestication of the Grey Wolf took place, nonetheless, a number of the ories have been proposed on how the domestication process took place. One such theory has to do with the orphaned wolf-cubs. Several studies have suggested that humans were able to tame and socialize some wolf pups that they took while still young. One study has also endeavoured to show that it is possible to socialize the adult wolves successfully (Koler-Matznick 99). In contrast, other scholars contend that socializing adult wolves can be time consuming especially when pups are more than 21 days old. Many scientists are convinced that the early humans adopted orphaned wolf cubs and then proceeded to nurse them. Thereafter, the adopted wolves began to breed, in effect bringing forth â€Å"wolf-like† domesticated animals. As more generations of these â€Å"wolf-like† domesticated animals were born, they bore a lot of resemblance to dogs. Another theory holds that the early wolves were scavengers and as such, they would often be attracted by the refuse that humans lef t behind at campsites. Some of these wolves proved quite successful in their ability to interact with humans and as a result, these traits were passed on to future generations. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ultimately, there emerged a generation of wolves that had a tendency to be domesticated. Humans decided to keep those dogs that showed the least amount of fear and those that demonstrated high level of socialization. Consequently, the early dog developed unique traits that we can now recognize the modern day dog. One of the behavioural characteristics of the gray wolf that made it easier for humans to domesticate them is what is known as â€Å"flight distance†. Flight distance is a measure of the level of closeness that an animal can allow something that it considers dangerous before deciding to run away. If an animal ha s a shorter flight distance, it means that it is not scared by the presence of humans even when feeding. Such a behavioural trait might have been passed down to successive generations of the animals and over time it was amplified to the point that the animals felt comfortable in the presence of humans. Ideally, wolves are believed to have separated into two populations. The first group was made up of a pack of hunters while the second group was made up of village-oriented scavengers. Although there are scanty details as to how the next steps evolved, however, sustaining these two divergent populations must have required the presence of selective pressure. DNA evidence Prior to the development of the DNA technology, scientists held two schools of thought regarding the origin of the domesticated dog. Most of the researchers assumed that the early dogs were the descendants of the tamed wolves and through interbreeding and evolving, this had resulted in a domesticated species. We also have another school of thought that suggests that the modern dog is the distant descendant of the wolf. The same school of thought also believes that the jackal and the coyote could also have been distant relatives of the modern dog. However, DNA evidence now points at the wolf as the sole ancestor of the domesticated dog. One scientist who has done a lot of DNA work on the ancestors of the domesticated dog is Carles Vila. Through his numerous studies, he has analyzed various types of wolf DNA from some 27 populations across North America, Europe and Asia (Vila et al 1687). He has also compared the results of his studies with DNA of some 67 breeds of modern dogs from various parts of the world.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More DNA evidence has revealed the most diverse group of wolves possess similar sequences to the ones found in the most ancient breeds of the domesticated dog, including the dingo of Australia. The German Shepherd Dog was shown to share a close resemblance to wolf sequences, in comparison with the sequences of the main dog group (Vila et al 1688). This is a sign that such breeds may have been produced by crossing wild wolves with dogs. Conclusion Over the years, a lot of research has been carried out on the origin of the domesticated dog, with scientists divided into two schools of through. The first and largest school of through believed that dogs could have been the descendants of the gray wolf. Other scientists suggested that the older domesticated dog could have been the descendant of the red fox, or even the raccoon. However, there is now compelling evidence to suggest that the early humans most likely domesticated the modern dog from the gray wolf. This assertion has been supporte d by molecular, morphological and DNA evidence that point at a closer relationship between the domesticated dog, and the gray wolf, more than the red fox and the raccoon. However, because the origins of some of the morphological differences between wolves and dogs are still not clear, there is need to undertake more DNA studies. Such studies also need to be supplemented by a re-evaluation of canidae fossil and archaeological records so that we can resolve the many questions regarding one of man’s ancient domesticated animal. Works Cited Grandin, Temple and Catherine, Johnson. Animals in translation, New York, NY: Scriber, 2005. Print. Klinghammer, Erich and Goodmann, Patricia. â€Å"Chapter 2: Socialization and management of wolves in captivity†. In Frank, Harry. Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr  W.  Junk Publishers, 1987. Print. Koler-Matznick, Janice. The origin of the dog revisited. Anthrozoos , 15.2(2002):98–118. Print. Savolainen, Peter, Zhang, Jing, Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, and Thomas Leitner. â€Å"Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs†. Science, 298. 5598(2002): 1610–1613. Print. Serpell, James. The domestic dog: its evolution, behavior, and interactions with people. Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. Vila, Carles, Peter, Savolainen, Jesus, Maldonado, John, Rice and Rodney, Honeycutt. Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog. Science, 276.5397(1997): 1687-1689. Print. This research paper on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf was written and submitted by user Memph1s to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Consumer Safety Product Dumping

Essay on Consumer Safety Product Dumping Essay on Consumer Safety: Product Dumping Essay on Consumer Safety: Product DumpingThe product dumping is a serious problem that raises a number of ethical issues, since products banned in the US, for example, may be easily sold in other countries, where quality standards and government regulations are not so strict as they are in the US. In such a situation, companies, which have their products banned in the US by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) can still sell their product abroad, in those countries where there are no bans to their products. As a result, companies selling such products pursue maximum profits, although they are fully aware of the fact that they expose customers’ health and probably life to certain risks because of which their products are banned in the US. in such a situation, customers life and health are at stake, on the one hand, and companies’ profits are on the other hand. From the legal standpoint, companies can sell products, which are banned in the US, abroad, but from th e ethical standpoint, such policies of companies are questionable and, as a rule, unacceptable because material benefits of companies cannot be more important than safety, i.e. life and health of patients. If companies keep selling products that have already been banned in the US, then they intentionally expose their customers to risks and threats, which have already caused the ban of their products in the US, but the poor regulation and safety requirements allow companies to sell dangerous products abroad.In such a situation, policies of companies, which have their products banned in the US and having option to sell those products abroad, may view their position from different theoretical perspectives. In this regard, the utilitarian perspective grounded on the principle of utility is likely to be the most popular among companies because this theory allows moral agents to take decisions on the ground of the principle of utility. Therefore, if the decision to sell products is benefi cial for the company then the decision is reasonable, especially taking into consideration the fact that the share of customers, who may be hurt somehow by products banned in the US is relatively small. Therefore, the principle of utility works pretty well in such a situation, because the majority of stakeholders benefit from selling products banned in the US: companies gain financial and market in benefits, their employees get jobs, while customers get products, which they use for their specific purposes, as a rule, being unaware of consequences and risks associated with those products. The principle of utility justifies the practice of selling products abroad, even if they are banned in the US.Alternatively, policies of companies may be viewed from the deontological theoretical perspective. Deontology holds the premise that all actions of moral agents should be viewed in the context of moral rules and norms. Any action of the moral agent is reasonable and morally correct as long a s it matches traditional moral norms and principles. In such a context, companies selling products, which are banned in the US, abroad act immorally and violate rights of customers to purchase safe and reliable products. Exposing customers to risks and threats is morally wrong from the deontological perspective. At this point, it is possible to refer to one of the fundamental principles of deontology, the kingdom of ends principle. The kingdom of ends principle implies that all people or moral agents commit virtuous acts that mean acts that are grounded on moral and just principles. In case of sales of products banned in the US abroad, it is possible to trace injustice in relation to customers overseas since companies act unjustly in relation to them selling products which are a priory not safe because they have already been banned by the US CPSC. Instead, companies should be driven by moral concerns and remain virtuous through the respect to the well-being of customers. Therefore, in the ideal society, where the kingdom of ends principle is respected, companies, as moral agents, cannot sell products that are potentially dangerous and are already banned.At this point, the deontological theory is close to the virtue theory and the right formation of character. The virtue theory holds the premise that all moral agents should be virtuous and respect moral norms and values strictly. Being virtuous is the only right way of life in terms of the virtue theory. At the same time, the development of the virtuous lifestyle and the full devotion of individuals to such virtuous lifestyle are possible only on the condition of the right formation of character. The right formation of character means that individuals learn positive, virtuous models of behavior, moral norms and principles. In such a way, the right formation of character leads to the formation of moral agents, who are virtuous and commit only morally correct acts. For instance, in case of companies, which have t heir products banned in the US, the application of the virtue theory and the concept of the formation of character means that companies should act in a virtuous way, respecting the principle of justice and, thus, they should extrapolate the ban on all sales of their products, which have been already banned either in the US or in any other country of the world.At the same time, it is possible to distinguish moral and intellectual virtues which may not coincide. What is meant here is the fact that intellectual virtues imply the prevalence of rationality in actions and decisions of the moral agent, whereas moral virtues imply the prevalence of morality and moral correctness in actions and decisions of the moral agent. Therefore, from the standpoint of intellectual virtues, the decision to sell products that have been banned in the US is not absolutely wrong or not virtuous. Instead, if this decision is driven by rational reasons, then it can be implemented in terms of the virtue theory on the ground of the intellectual virtue because such act will have reasonable justification. For instance, if products are not banned in other countries, then they match safety regulations established in those countries and they are not really dangerous to customers’ health, life, etc. Instead, the US rules may be just too strict and set excessive requirements to safety of products. From the rational standpoint, such a view is reasonable and, therefore, has the intellectual virtue sufficient for the virtue theory to accept such way of actions as correct.In such a situation, the decision many companies have to make, when they face the ban of their products in the US, is extremely difficult and challenging in ethical terms. In this respect, companies should conduct the detailed analysis of their products and to assess real risks and threats of their products to the safety of customers. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that decisions of the CPSC may be the result of trade wars the US directly or indirectly involved in as was the case of trade wars between the US and Europe in the past. As a result, many European companies could not sell their products in the US as well as American companies could not sell their products in Europe. However, such a ban was driven not by the customer safety concerns but by economic interests and concerns of the US. Therefore, such products could be sold in other countries, even if they were banned in the US. Nevertheless, companies should put the safety of customers as their primary concern as the only criterion for taking just decisions. This means that companies should not sell products that are unsafe for their customers.Thus, the safety of products is extremely important and companies, as moral agents, should act responsibly. Even though some ethical theories justify sales of products banned in the US to customers in other countries of the world, even if such products are dangerous for customers’ sa fety, health and life. In this regard, the possible solution of the ethical dilemma companies, which have their products in the US, have is the assessment of the safety of their products and justification of the safety of those products. What is meant here is the fact that companies should justify and prove that their products are still safe enough to be sold to customers without any risk to their safety.

The Kite Runner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Kite Runner - Essay Example Both of the kids get to spend some time together and play together in their early life, till they are separated by events in form of a tragedy and subsequent invasion of the occupation force of Soviet Union .The rich man takes his son along with him to United States of America .Their relation and adolescent friendship gets compromised at the hands of ethnic conflicts, invasion, and social imbalance. It is a story that shows the relationship between a father and son and most importantly between two friends. The entire sequence of events in the novel are divided into three phases, the first covers the childhood part of the two adolescents, the second part constitutes Aamir and his father’s departure from their motherland to California, while the third and final part constitute the current day when Aamir returns to his homeland in a new century .Both the kids have one thing in common, both were brought up without a mother and shared a common nurse. The master of the house Aamirâ €™s father shows kindness towards the servant’s child Hassan. ... Aamir finds himself totally helpless and watches the incident as a spectator. Not being able to find courage to face Hassan, he decides to take on a path thornier, and hides some valuable material under Hassan’s mattress and makes his father belief that it was done by Hassan. The owner of house as expected, fires both the servant and his son. Soon Afghanistan is invaded by the occupant forces and Aamir’s father being a noble man doesn’t feel safe anymore and takes refuge in United States of America along with his son. The second part constitutes the years spent at California by Aamir. He grows up there, goes to the local school completes his education, and the father’s health goes down in coming years and eventually depart to land of eternal bliss. Amir’s father gets him wedded to a girl called Soraya before he dies . The last part of the story is moving one and sees Aamir returning to his motherland which is marked by the beginning of 21st century. He goes there and meets a character named Rahim khan and enquires about everything that happened after their departure. Hassan got married to a local girl and had a baby boy named Sohrab, however Hassan did not get to live long and was killed by Taliban along with his wife, the child, Sohrab remains totally orphaned and is lost someplace .in the course of revelation Aamir finds out that Hassan was his half brother and this encourages him into tracing down Sohrab. In his pursuit for finding Sohrab, Aamir does show some courage and goes through some challenge and eventually manages releasing Sohrab which gives him some comfort inside his heart for all the secrets he is holding and the injustice he did to Sohrab’s father in childhood .Sohrab is reluctant to going to America and

Macroeconomics in Today's Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics in Today's Society - Essay Example All these stakeholders use macroeconomics in a variety of ways to achieve different and at times conflicting purposes. In general, macroeconomics provides the rationale for a range of questions, and solutions for a number of domestic and global concerns. They include reasons for different levels of income in different countries, causes for the rise and fall in general level of prices at different periods of time in a country, explanation for the expansion and contraction of employment and production in certain period of time than others, justification for consumption and conservation, saving and investment, borrowing and lending decisions, etc (Mankiw 204). In brief, macroeconomics provides the different stake holders with basic economic principles, instruments and various options to deal with specific economic issues. (a) Macroeconomics provides the government in a country with monetary and fiscal policy tools to control and regulate growth in incomes, employment, wages, interest rates, saving, investment, inflation, distribution of resources and produced goods and services, etc. (b) Macroeconomics offers individual firms to use their managerial skills to deal with tax rates, interest rates, etc., to plan their pricing policy, capita... (d) Researchers and academicians make cross country comparisons by utilizing macroeconomic situations in different countries to explain the causes and effects of a specific macroeconomic policy on the economic performance of a country, its welfare implications, and debate about the need for environmentally sound and sustainable development strategies. (e) International organizations utilize the macroeconomic variables of a country to shape a country's structural adjustment programs, and emphasize the need for fiscal prudence and balanced growth. (f) Non-governmental organizations, using the macroeconomic indicators, draw the attention of national governments, international bodies and the society at large towards unequal distribution of scare resources, and advocate the need for establishing a just society. (g) International investors base their investment decisions on the macroeconomic fundamentals of a country. If the macroeconomic fundamentals are strong, in their perceptions, they invest and vice versa. (h) Multilateral credit agencies and financial institutions offer financial assistance to countries depending on the merit of macroeconomic performance of a country. Depending upon the degree of risk involved, they charge a premium on their credit. (i) The opposition political parties in a country pick on the ruling government by using the macroeconomic parameters, in addition to political factors. (j) Non-governmental organizations create public awareness on the macroeconomic situations, and opt for advocacy in trying to establish a new social order, guided by the principles of justice. Macroeconomic policy tools consist of monetary and

Decisions within CA state assembly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decisions within CA state assembly - Essay Example This case highlighted many important issues questioning the rights and status of non-immigrants in the US. It also poses a question mark on the visa issuing authorities in the country as Garcia was unable to get permanent residence in the US even after 19 years. The federal statue 8 U.S.C, section 1621, does not allow any benefits to the non-immigrants, such as the issuance of practicing licenses. According to California Statute AB 1024, presented by Governor Jerry Brown, if an applicant for admission in state bar meets all the requirements set by Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar, the matter of undocumented immigration should be ignored. Sergio Garcia, the case representative was a Mexican citizen. He was born in 1977 and was brought into California (USA) in the age of 17 months. He started to reside in California till the age of nine when he was brought back to his country. After eight years he came back to California, earn high school education and then professional law education from there. Garcia’s father on his behalf filed an application for permanent residence in the US 1994, since then Garcia has been waiting for having a permanent citizen status and his application accepted. In 2009, after completing degree in law, Garcia submitted his application for admission in State Bar mentioning his application ‘pending’ status. The Committee of Bar Examiners investigated the entire issue and filed a case in Supreme Court highlighting non-migrant status of Garcia. The committee asserted that its proposal for granting admission to Garcia in State Bar is the first attempt noting that the committee is unaware of any law, which allows such permission to a nonimmigrant. The Supreme Court issued an order in response to the submitted case asking the committee for show causing the reasons for granting its motion. The Supreme Court demanded the State Bar Committee to

Recruiting Source Choices Internal vs. External

Recruiting Source Choices Internal vs. External The article is about recruitment source choices. The author was studying internal and external recruitment methods to find out which one is appropriate and in which situation it is applicable. The recruitment source selection is a course step, which is mostly about the combination of the cost and the speed of the selection of the new worker. The major issue for the human resource recruiter is about the preference between the internal and external recruitment. The tool used in was use examination of secondary information. The population studied was the employees. Internal recruitment offers the opportunity to the workers of the organization; however it is not appropriate for all the job vacancies. External recruitment is costly, it takes longer time and the new worker does not know the organization moreover the learning curve is not complex. Internal recruitment is the best tool for the job vacancies, this is because the experience is available within the organization furthermore; it enables the use of human capital competently as the employees shift to the job positions, the employees value added for the company is maximized (http://yourhrmguide.com/content/recruitment-source-selection-internal-or-external-recruitment). External recruitment is appropriate for the job vacancy where the company needs to improve its competence for the external know-how and for the job positions, which are private and they cannot be declared internally to employees. The external recruitment is mostly used when the organization needs stability and the employees cannot shift from the job position to another. Internal recruitment is the best recruitment tool when the organization improves its processes and services given to the other divisions in the organization or to the external clients. The external recruitment ought to be used when the company wants to introduce a new field of the corporation and it needs to increase an expertise and knowledge quickly. Section 2 How does having multiple recruiting means help enterprise establish its brand? Having multiple recruiting means help enterprise establish its brand because it offers variety of choices to all clients. By doing this it expands the range n which the firm reaches its clients. For instance since the company has an MTV show, an online game and other recruitment methods, clients choose the method they like most. The MTV show is very interesting and it has attracted many candidates. The contenders were asked questions and were judged in relation to their answers, since three out of four candidates were offered jobs, this has attracted many contenders and as a result there were many referrals. The variety of activities in the firm has helped in enterprise recruitment which has accordingly assisted its strategic goal of launching its employment brand. This is because the program combines all of enterprise recruitment resources and advertisement its website as well as other recruitment efforts. The television show and the online games were attention getters but what has made the enterprise expand the most is from employee referrals. The enterprise workers who refer candidates are heavily rewarded to up to $500 to $1,500 and additionally get permanent employment. It is an advantage since the referrals check out the firm and mention the enterprise to others thereby expanding the pool of potential recruits. This has really helped the enterprise8 in establishing its brand. Go to the enterprise website (www.erac.com/recruit) and the click on tab About Enterprise. Check out the online game, career opportunities and other components. Then evaluate how effective you feel the website is an employment branding and recruiting The companys website give me the business is very popular. The game lets people have an experience of a customer service corporation. It is virtual marketing of enterprise and its fun culture as a result; it is an employment branding and recruiting resource. The graphics, web contents, and designs bring credit for the firm. The companys website is scalable and of high quality hence very effective. It is a specialized website since it offers the most-valuable messages, services such as games and specific products to his clients and since any one can browse and scrutinize about the services profoundly and independently it is an employment branding and recruiting resource. Section 3 What are some advantages and disadvantages of recruiting internally versus recruiting externally? Advantages of internal recruitment are that; it is less expensive since it does not involve paying external agency for recruitment. It improves the morale of existing employees; there is recognition and reward of the excellent performance of internal employees. Internal recruitment reinforces and supports the organizations succession planning strategies. Internal staffs have existing information accessible about their skills. Disadvantages of internal recruitment are that it can reinforce existing negative behavior; there will be the risk of in breeding. Employees that are not promoted can become unhappy. In internal recruitment a strong performance management structure is required and it can promote political infighting amongst internal employees. Advantages of external recruitment are that; it avoids the risk of forming resentment by endorsing the favorites from the inside. The employees from the outside introduce fresh ideas, skills and knowledge. External recruitment forces internal staff to update their skills and education; it helps to facilitate change in mores. The disadvantages of external recruitment are that; new employees may not fit the existing customs within the organization. It might affect the morale of internal employees who have been over-looked. It needs a longer period of orientation and induction; assists to facilitate change in customs in the organization. Another disadvantage is that it may take longer to fill up the position and it may as well create resentment from existing workers (http://yourhrmguide.com/content/recruitment-source-selection-internal-or-external-recruitment).

Creedence Clearwater and the Vietnam War :: Music Musical History Essays

For those of us born at the end of the Vietnam War, much of the music from that time period can remain hidden unless we make a point of seeking it out. Radio is replete with â€Å"classic rock† format stations, but like all other forms of mass media, listeners are relegated to a passive role, with little means of changing play lists that more-often-than-not overstate the effect of the British Invasion to the detriment of American rockers. For every Led Zeppelin garnering large amounts of airplay, there is a Creedence Clearwater Revival that is overlooked. The problem with British rockers from the era of the Vietnam War is one of credibility: any British musician (such as John Lennon) who tried to protest the Vietnam War sounded contrived at best. How could a British group object to a war in which they had no direct stake? These attempts at protest by foreign bands against the Vietnam War have the appearance of an orchestrated effort to â€Å"get on the bandwagon† and se ll albums by using the charged feelings of the citizenry toward an unpopular military action. While this is a cynical view, it is one that nevertheless deserves consideration. To the persistent individual, though, there is a body of music in existence that merits regard. It is powerful music written by the youth of America, youngsters who did have a stake in the Vietnam War. There can be little question about the origins of the power which American protest music conveyed: those who wrote such music lived each day with the real knowledge that they were losing friends in, and could possibly be forced themselves to go to, Vietnam. One such group, Creedence Clearwater Revival, made its contribution to this genre near the end of the Vietnam War. CCR sprang up in the San Francisco Bay area, the product of a music scene that was rife with talent. Creedence, however, never particularly sounded like that scene; indeed, the early efforts of the band caused many to question the group’s origin, believing that the foursome was a product of the â€Å"bayou regions of Louisiana†1 The musicians who made up the band - John Fogerty, Tom Fogerty, Stu Cook, and Doug Clifford - had been working on their style since the late 1950s under several different monikers. Primarily responsible for the Creedence sound was John Fogerty, the major creative force in the band, with vocals that â€Å"were to Creedence what Jim Morrison’s were to the Doors,†2 and a musical approach Fogerty himself described as a swamp thing:

Jeffrey Dahmer

Jeffrey Dahmer When I was a little kid I was just like anybody else. I was born in Milwaukee in May 21, 1960, the son of Lionel and Joyce Dahmer. At the age of six after some minor surgery, which coincided with the birth of my brother, there seemed to be a change in me. At the time a career opportunity for my father resulted in my family moving from Iowa to Ohio. I don’t know why it started. I don’t have any definite answers on that myself. If I knew the true, real reasons why all this started, before it ever did, I wouldn’t probably have done any of it.Though the thoughts were like arrows, shooting through my mind from out of the blue. By the time I was fourteen the compulsions to murder and necrophilia began to occur. I’d rather be talking about anything else in the world right now, but just after I graduated from high school, in June 1978, I picked up a hitchhiker named Steven Hicks, I took him home to my parents' house, where we drank beer and had sex. When he tried to leave, I killed him with a barbell by hitting his head. That night in Ohio, that was one impulsive night. Nothing’s been normal since then. It tainted my whole life.After it happened I thought I’d just try to live as normally as possible and bury it, but things like that don’t stay buried. I didn’t think it would, but it does, it tainted my whole life. I wish I hadn’t done it. At the same time of my first killing, my alcohol consumption became uncontrollable and in January 1979, I dropped out of Ohio State University after only one term due to my drunkenness. Thus, my recently remarried father insisted that I enlist in the Army, and I was sent to Germany. Though my drinking problem persisted and two years later the Army discharged me for alcoholism.Following my discharge I returned home to Ohio where I went through Hicks' decomposing remains, pulverized them with a hammer, and scattered the pieces even more widely in the woods. La ter in October 1981 I was arrested for disorderly conduct and my father sent me to live with my grandmother in Wisconsin, but my alcohol problems persisted. My next arrest occurred some years later, in September 1986, for masturbating in front of two young boys, for which I received a one-year probationary sentence. In September 1987 I took my second victim, Steven Toumi, whom I met in a gay bar.We checked into a hotel room and drank a lot. I had no intention of doing it. However, the next morning, I found Toumi dead beside me. I was in complete shock. I just couldn’t believe I had done it again after those years when I’d done nothing like that. I don’t know what was going through my mind. I have no memory of it. I tried to dredge it up but I have no memory whatsoever. I bought a large suitcase to transport Toumi's corpse to my grandmother's basement, where I had sex with, and masturbated on it, before dismembering it and disposing of the remains in the rubbish. I developed a pattern of murder that persisted for the duration of my thirteen year killing spree: I sought out mostly African-American men at gay meeting places, lured them home to his grandmother's basement with promises of money or sex, where I would ply them with alcohol laced with drugs, strangle them, have sex with the corpse or masturbate on it, then dismember the corpses and dispose of them, usually keeping their genitals or skulls as souvenirs.I often took photos of each victim at various stages of my murder process, so I could recollect each act afterwards and relive the experience. This re-enactment included assembling the skulls and masturbating in front of them, to achieve gratification. My grandmother eventually tired of the late nights and drunkenness, although she had no knowledge of the other activities, forced me to move out in September 1988, but before that I killed another two people at her house.At this point I had an extreme close call with authorities: I had an encounter with a thirteen-year-old Laotian boy which resulted in charges of sexual exploitation, and second-degree sexual assault, being laid against me. I pleaded guilty, claiming that the boy had appeared much older and, while I awaited sentencing, I moved back in temporarily with my grandmother, where I once again put her basement to gruesome use; in February 1989 I lured an aspiring African-American model, named Anthony Sears, and I drugged, strangled, sodomized, photographed, dismembered and disposed of his body.In May 1989, at my trial for child molestation, to my defense the counsel argued that I needed treatment, not incarceration and the judge agreed, handing down a five year probationary sentence, with one year prison sentence on â€Å"day release†, under which I continued to work at my job, but returned to the prison at night. I was released after ten months, despite my father writing to the judge urging him that I be held until I had received appropriate treatm ent. Then I spent three months with my grandmother on my release before moving into my own partment in May 1990. During the next fifteen months before the time of my capture, my victim count accelerated; and I killed 12 more young men. I developed rituals as I progressed, experimenting with chemical means of disposal, and I also consumed the flesh of my victims. I drilled into my victim's skulls while they were still alive, injecting them with Muriatic acid to see whether I could extend my control to the living. Most of my victims died instantly, but one man survived for a number of days in a zombie-like state, with limited motor function.I was always careful to select my victims on the fringes of society, so that it was less likely for the police to search for them. In the case of my thirteenth victim I had yet another close call; it was a 14-year-old Laotian boy who was, coincidentally, the younger brother of the boy I had been convicted of molesting three years earlier. To my dis may on May 26, 1991, my neighbor, Sandra Smith, called the police to report that a young Asian boy was running naked in the street. When the police arrived, he was incoherent, and the police believed me when I told them that the boy was my 19-year-old lover who had just had too much to drink.The police escorted me and my victim home at which point I strangled the boy and continued with my usual rituals. My luck finally ran out on July 22, 1991, when two Milwaukee police officers picked up Tracy Edwards, a young African-American, who was wandering in the streets with a handcuff dangling from one of his wrists. They decided to follow up his claims that a â€Å"weird dude† had drugged and restrained him, and they coincidently arrived at my apartment, where I calmly offered to get the keys for the handcuffs.Edwards claimed that the knife I had threatened him with was in the bedroom and when the officer went in to corroborate the story he noticed photographs of dismembered bodies lying around. He shouted to his colleague to restrain me so I fought back but I was eventually subdued. A subsequent search revealed the head in the fridge, as well as three more in the freezer, and preserved skulls, jars containing genitalia, and an extensive gallery of macabre photographs. I think in some way I wanted it to end, even if it meant my own destruction. Yes, I do have remorse, but I’m not even sure myself whether it is as profound as it should be.I’ve always wondered myself why I don’t feel more remorse. I was completely swept away with my own compulsion. I don’t know how else to put it. It didn’t satisfy me completely so I was thinking another one will. Maybe this one will, and the numbers started growing and just got out of control, as you can see. When you’ve done the type of things I’ve done, it’s easier not to reflect on yourself. When I start thinking about how it’s affecting the families of people, a nd my family and everything, it doesn’t do me any good. It just gets me very upset.Despite having confessed to the killings during police interrogation, I initially pleaded not guilty to all charges. However, against the advice of my legal counsel, I changed my plea to guilty by virtue of insanity. My defense then offered every gruesome detail of my behavior, as proof that only someone insane could commit such terrible acts, but the jury chose to believe the prosecutor's assertion that I was fully aware that my acts were evil, but that I chose to commit them anyway, which resulted after only five hours deliberation in the finding of me being guilty, but sane, on all counts, on February 17, 1992.I was sentenced to fifteen consecutive life terms, a total of 957 years in prison. I adjusted well to prison life, although I was initially kept apart from the general population. I convinced authorities to allow me to incorporate more with other inmate. On November 28, 1994, in accord ance with my inclusion in regular work details, I was assigned to work with two other prisoners, one of whom was a white supremacist murderer, Jesse Anderson, and the other a delusional, schizophrenic African-American murderer, Christopher Scarver.Twenty minutes after we had been left alone to complete their tasks the guards returned to find that Scarver had crushed my skull, and fatally beaten Anderson with an object. Following my death, the city of Milwaukee was keen to distance itself from the horrors of my actions, and the ensuing media circus surrounding my trial.In 1996, fearing that someone else might purchase my fridge, photographs and killing tools collection and start a museum, they raised more than $400,000 to buy his effects, which they promptly incinerated. This is the grand finale of a life poorly spent and the end result is just overwhelmingly depressing, it’s just a sick, pathetic, wretched, miserable life story, that’s all it is. I should have gone to college and gone into real estate and got myself an aquarium, that’s what I should have done.

Examples of Confidence intervals for means

Examples of Confidence intervals for means One of the major parts of inferential statistics is the development of ways to calculate confidence intervals. Confidence intervals provide us with a way to estimate a population parameter. Rather than say that the parameter is equal to an exact value, we say that the parameter falls within a range of values.   This range of values is typically an estimate, along with a margin of error that we add and subtract from the estimate. Attached to every interval is a level of confidence. The level of confidence gives a measurement of how often, in the long run, the method used to obtain our confidence interval captures the true population parameter. It is helpful when learning about statistics to see some examples worked out. Below we will look at several examples of confidence intervals about a population mean. We will see that the method we use to construct a confidence interval about a mean depends on further information about our population. Specifically, the approach that we take depends on whether or not we know the population standard deviation or not. Statement of Problems We start with a simple random sample of 25 a particular species of newts and measure their tails. The mean tail length of our sample is 5 cm. If we know that 0.2 cm is the standard deviation of the tail lengths of all newts in the population, then what is a 90% confidence interval for the mean tail length of all newts in the population?If we know that 0.2 cm is the standard deviation of the tail lengths of all newts in the population, then what is a 95% confidence interval for the mean tail length of all newts in the population?If we find that that 0.2 cm is the standard deviation of the tail lengths of the newts in our sample the population, then what is a 90% confidence interval for the mean tail length of all newts in the population?If we find that that 0.2 cm is the standard deviation of the tail lengths of the newts in our sample the population, then what is a 95% confidence interval for the mean tail length of all newts in the population? Discussion of the Problems We begin by analyzing each of these problems. In the first two problems we know the value of the population standard deviation. The difference between these two problems is that the level of confidence is greater in #2 than what it is for #1. In the second two problems the population standard deviation is unknown. For these two problems we will estimate this parameter with the sample standard deviation. As we saw in the first two problems, here we also have different levels of confidence. Solutions We will calculate solutions for each of the above problems. Since we know the population standard deviation, we will use a table of z-scores. The value of z that corresponds to a 90% confidence interval is 1.645. By using the formula for the margin of error we have a confidence interval of 5 – 1.645(0.2/5) to 5 1.645(0.2/5). (The 5 in the denominator here is because we have taken the square root of 25). After carrying out the arithmetic we have 4.934 cm to 5.066 cm as a confidence interval for the population mean.Since we know the population standard deviation, we will use a table of z-scores. The value of z that corresponds to a 95% confidence interval is 1.96. By using the formula for the margin of error we have a confidence interval of 5 – 1.96(0.2/5) to 5 1.96(0.2/5). After carrying out the arithmetic we have 4.922 cm to 5.078 cm as a confidence interval for the population mean.Here we do not know the population standard deviation, only the sample standard deviation. Thus we will use a table of t-scores. When we use a tabl e of t scores we need to know how many degrees of freedom we have. In this case there are 24 degrees of freedom, which is one less than sample size of 25. The value of t that corresponds to a 90% confidence interval is 1.71. By using the formula for the margin of error we have a confidence interval of 5 – 1.71(0.2/5) to 5 1.71(0.2/5). After carrying out the arithmetic we have 4.932 cm to 5.068 cm as a confidence interval for the population mean. Here we do not know the population standard deviation, only the sample standard deviation. Thus we will again use a table of t-scores. There are 24 degrees of freedom, which is one less than sample size of 25. The value of t that corresponds to a 95% confidence interval is 2.06. By using the formula for the margin of error we have a confidence interval of 5 – 2.06(0.2/5) to 5 2.06(0.2/5). After carrying out the arithmetic we have 4.912 cm to 5.082 cm as a confidence interval for the population mean. Discussion of the Solutions There are a few things to note in comparing these solutions. The first is that in each case as our level of confidence increased, the greater the value of z or t that we ended up with. The reason for this is that in order to be more confident that we did indeed capture the population mean in our confidence interval, we need a wider interval. The other feature to note is that for a particular confidence interval, those that use t are wider than those with z. The reason for this is that a t distribution has greater variability in its tails than a standard normal distribution. The key to correct solutions of these types of problems is that if we know the population standard deviation we use a table of z-scores. If we do not know the population standard deviation then we use a table of t scores.

Tip for Reusing a Turkey Thermometer

Tip for Reusing a Turkey Thermometer Did you know you could re-use the thermometer that comes with many frozen turkeys? It makes sense, when you think about it. Those thermometers contain a ball of metal and a spring. The thermometer is designed such that the metal will melt at the safe temperature for turkey meat (~180Â °F), releasing the spring and popping up the button. To reset the thermometer all you have to do is dip the tip of the thermometer in hot water (near-boiling will definitely work) to melt the metal. Push the button back down and remove the thermometer from the water, keeping the button depressed. Wait about a minute for the metal to cool, locking the spring back into place. There you go! If you dont cook turkey all that often, remember the thermometer is good for chicken or other poultry, too. Its much smaller than the typical meat thermometer and also much less likely to injure your hand if you go fishing around in a drawer for a thermometer that you rarely use. Youd need to cut open a turkey thermometer to confirm it is metal that holds the spring, as opposed to some polymer, but if is metal inside the thermometer, you should discard any thermometer with a damaged coating. Metals with low melting points tend to be toxic, after all. This also means that if you cut open your thermometer to examine its workings, you should use care and dispose of your experiment out of reach of children or pets.

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Article Review - Essay Example He further advances that neither the present nor the past of the underdeveloped countries resembles any part of the developed countries, actually, the developed countries were never underdeveloped but just undeveloped (Andre, 1966). Far from what theorists believes, Andre argues that contemporary underdevelopment is to a greater scope the historical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between the satellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries (Andre, 1966). Andre, goes through a series of hypothesizes to establish the approach appropriate in developing cogent theories on development of underdevelopment in the underdeveloped world (Andre, 1966). His hypothesizes are qualified by the history of the developed countries during their journey to development. He takes the examples of North America, Brazil, and Chile to show how capitalism and monopoly contributed to imbalanced development in these countries (Andre, 1966). For instance, Brazil underwent through industrial establishment during the Second World War but unfortunately, development was unfelt in the satellite parts. The hypothesis adopted is that the development of underdevelopment in the underdeveloped world is highly tied to colonialism and the economic injustices occasioned to these countries by the developed world. Analyzing the case of these countries establishes that they remain colonies of the developed countries through neo-colonialist. The developed countries for instance controls the market, they buy at a lower prices from these countries and sell at a higher price to them in return. This leads to the continued suppression of these countries by their developed counterparts. From the foregoing, it is ascertainable that the underdeveloped world is best fit to solve the problems of this world. This borrows from

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example The â€Å"change of scale† can be understood by the fact that a quick medium of communication can deliver more messages in a given time than a slower one. Therefore, the magnitude or the scale of communication becomes bigger when a quicker medium is introduced. A bigger scale of communications makes the scale of human affairs naturally since a quicker medium prevents waste of time which can now be used for other affairs. Telephones enable a person to communicate with a distant recipient in a very quick manner that a letter. The pace of communication has increased and the â€Å"pace† of human life has also increased. For instance, a process that can only be initiated by the approval of a certain authority can now begin as soon as the approval is made. A slower medium of communication would keep the approval in transit for a longer time and hence the initiation. A quick medium paces up the lifestyle of human beings. A new and fast medium surely brings change in the  "pattern† of human life. The availability of cell phones enables people to stay in contact with each other almost all the time. Parents feel safe to send their children to places where they would have never sent them if there were no cell phones. Similarly, the pattern of life has been molded to a great degree by the introduction of cell phones. By 2004, twenty billion were being sent worldwide every month. (Bates, 2004). The â€Å"scale, pace and pattern† are interrelated when it comes to a change in lifestyle due to quicker and more convenient mediums of communication. The above discussion accentuates the argument made by McLuhan that â€Å"The medium is the message." The content of a given message has, of course, its own importance but what usually is ignored is the impact of the medium of the message on our lives. The introduction of a new and swift medium startles us in the beginning but it incorporates itself into our lives over a long period of time. For instanc e, there was a time when cell phones were not something that everyone could afford. People used to live happily and their needs were being met when there were no cell phones. Cell phones are a very quick medium of imparting and receiving messages. They are incorporated into our lives in such a manner that we find it very difficult to spend our time outside if we have forgotten our cell phone at home. A variety of messages are delivered by this medium ranging from important messages to puns for fun but the medium is a message itself. The medium is a message that our lives are quick now and everything can be reported to anyone at any time. We have to pace ourselves to catch up with the pace of the medium and what has prompted us to do that is the medium itself. The process of dissemination of news has developed greatly. Any type of news is given to us in the quickest way possible. The content of the news is a message but the medium of news is a message too. For instance, political lea ders of the past were not required to be wary of the news media and that is probably why we only know good things about leaders who did something great. These days, the news media is quicker and effective than it ever was and political leaders have to be very careful. They have received the message that â€Å"they need to be careful† and this message is news media itself. The definition of the modern era would be incomplete without a reference to the use of the internet.